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Natural hazards are physical events that occur in nature and can negatively impact people, structures, and communities. While human actions may either reduce or intensify these effects, these phenomena fundamentally stem from natural processes. Within earth sciences, we categorize natural hazards into three main types: geophysical (like earthquakes and landslides), hydrological (such as floods), and climatological (including glacial shifts and rising sea levels). Our research focuses on enhancing comprehension of the mechanisms behind these hazards through data collection from terrestrial geophysical techniques and space-based observations, combined with computer simulations. We examine both individually and collectively how events like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, land subsidence, sea level fluctuations, and changes in glaciers and permafrost affect human-built environments and social systems.