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This field explores the connections between modern and contemporary Western philosophy and the study of religious traditions throughout history. Students specializing in this area must develop expertise in both a principal religious tradition (typically Christian intellectual history and spirituality, though often including Islam in the Arab world, American religious history, or Asian faiths) and key philosophical developments in Western thought. This spans from late-medieval nominalism and early-modern rationalism to German Idealism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialism, deconstruction, and associated theoretical frameworks like structuralism, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminist theory, biopolitical theory, posthumanism, and environmental ethics.