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Soil chemistry is a branch of soil science that examines biogeochemical interactions within soils and their impact on how essential nutrients and contaminants behave in terrestrial ecosystems. Conventional soil chemistry (soil fertility) primarily studies chemical and biological reactions affecting plant nutrient availability, along with environmental effects from fertilizer use, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus applications. In recent decades, the field has expanded its environmental focus, particularly regarding impacts on water systems. By analyzing how pollutants interact with soil components, researchers can better predict contaminant behavior and design effective cleanup approaches. The ultimate objective of soil chemistry research is to deepen knowledge of soil reactions that affect agricultural productivity, ecosystem sustainability, and environmental protection.