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The Department of Microbiology and Immunology is among 14 Stanford home programs that collectively recruit and educate graduate students in the Biosciences. Applicants can apply to up to three programs before selecting one as their entry point. As suggested by its name, the home program acts as the student's academic base while they explore Stanford's diverse opportunities. Three-month research rotations (one quarter) can be conducted in any of the university's bioscience labs (totaling over 280), with at least one rotation required within the home program—in our case, involving more than 25 faculty members. The final thesis lab is chosen based on these rotations, and while most students remain in their initial home program, those who develop new interests may transfer to another program or stay within Microbiology & Immunology (M&I) while conducting thesis research outside the department (provided their work relates to our discipline). During their second-year autumn, students complete an oral qualifying exam defending an original research idea unrelated to their thesis. In the spring of that same year, each student presents a proposal outlining their PhD thesis. Teaching experience is mandatory, typically fulfilled by serving as a teaching assistant in at least one departmental course. The average PhD completion time is approximately 5 to 5.5 years.