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Cosmology research thrives across multiple Princeton institutions, including the Physics Department, the Department of Astrophysical Sciences (link is external), and The Institute for Advanced Study (link is external). This dynamic community actively engages in theoretical work, data analysis, and instrument development. The Physics Department's experimental and observational cosmology team focuses on studying the cosmic microwave background (CMB), mapping large-scale cosmic structures, and observing galaxy clusters. The CMB represents the lingering radiation from our universe's early expansion phase, with its temperature and polarization patterns revealing crucial information about cosmic evolution and fundamental cosmological parameters. Research has progressed to establishing a cosmological standard model, with current studies delving into its finer details. This field is currently experiencing remarkable advancements, with initiatives to detect primordial gravitational waves, calculate neutrino mass totals, identify new particles, trace ancient cosmic formations, and characterize the fields responsible for the Big Bang. By cross-referencing with optical surveys, scientists track cosmic development and evaluate gravitational theories. Additionally, an innovative balloon-mounted optical telescope project aims to determine galaxy cluster masses by analyzing their gravitational lensing effects.