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Virtually all infrastructure systems rely on, are embedded in, or are made from earth-based materials. Underground structures such as tunnels, deep foundations, and pipelines are built within the earth. Earth provides support for highway pavements and buildings, and it is the primary material for constructing dams, levees, and embankments. Additionally, similar expertise is applied to handle and securely dispose of soil-like waste materials. Geotechnical engineers design these structures by performing analyses grounded in mechanical and mathematical principles. These evaluations depend on input data that characterizes the properties of earth materials, typically gathered through laboratory and field experiments. Subsequent modeling of materials, systems, and design methods aims to enhance soil performance while minimizing expenses.