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Digital systems form the backbone of modern society. These encompass both conventional essential services like utilities and newer developments including urban smart technologies, advanced transit systems, financial technology innovations, and major digital platforms for social and commercial engagement.
Maintaining robust cyber defenses presents significant difficulties across all technological systems. The growing interdependence between various infrastructure components intensifies these challenges. Outdated (frequently vulnerable) and modern (potentially secure or containing unknown weaknesses) technologies constantly interact through countless user activities. This situation is further complicated by intricate, evolving supply networks with inconsistent security standards and reliability.