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New doctoral students begin as precandidates. The Ph.D. qualifying process usually occurs within the initial two years of enrollment. Once all requirements except the dissertation are fulfilled, students advance to candidate status. Those entering with a bachelor's degree typically achieve candidacy by their third year and are advised to finish within five years. These students often earn a master's degree during their studies, though a thesis is optional. Students entering with a relevant master's degree usually reach candidacy in their second year and are encouraged to complete the program within four years, though they typically cannot earn an additional CSE master's degree. The University of Michigan's Interactive Systems group explores Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Educational Technology, Multimedia, and Social Computing. HCI encompasses diverse research areas, with faculty expertise spanning foundational principles and emerging technologies. Core research areas include human perception, cognition, social dynamics, and learning processes. Applications range from interface design methodologies to audio systems, collaborative platforms, and K-12 educational technology, particularly focusing on mobile and ubiquitous computing solutions.