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New doctoral students begin as precandidates. The Ph.D. qualifying process usually occurs within the initial two years of enrollment. Once all requirements except the dissertation are fulfilled, students advance to candidate status. Those entering a CSE doctoral program with a bachelor's degree typically achieve candidacy by their third year and are advised to finish within five years. These students often earn a master's degree during their studies, receiving it alongside their Ph.D., though a master's thesis remains optional. Students joining a CSE doctoral program with a relevant master's degree usually reach candidacy in their second year and are encouraged to graduate within four years, though they typically don't qualify for an additional CSE master's degree. The University of Michigan's Interactive Systems group explores Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Educational Technology, Multimedia, and Social Computing. HCI encompasses a broad spectrum, with faculty expertise ranging from core principles to emerging technologies. Foundational research areas include human perception, cognition, social dynamics, and learning processes. Applied work spans diverse domains: interface design methodologies, audio and music systems, collaborative platforms, and K-12 educational technology, particularly focusing on mobile and ubiquitous computing solutions.