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This specialization focuses on interconnected development challenges, such as industrialization, urban expansion, regional economic fluctuations, rural and resource-driven growth, the impacts of uneven geographical development, and issues facing disadvantaged communities regarding urban services and employment opportunities. The movement of commodities, investments, workers, and data across borders is accelerating. Yet regional approaches, methods, and outcomes of economic expansion or contraction remain distinctly varied. We view regions as the primary geographical unit for economic progress and examine targeted policies aimed at fostering and directing regional development. These strategies encompass everything from resource-focused initiatives to technology-driven industrial growth, and from centralized industrial planning to broader institutional development at the regional level.