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To earn a Doctor of Philosophy degree, candidates must complete at least 72 graduate credit hours. This includes a minimum of 36 hours of graduate-level coursework, with at least 12 hours taken within the Geosciences Department. A student's Dissertation Committee may recommend additional courses as needed. The program also mandates 12 hours each of dissertation credit and research credit. First-year Ph.D. candidates must develop and defend a research pre-proposal to demonstrate their readiness for doctoral-level work. By the second year, students should establish their dissertation topic and committee, typically comprising three to five members including their faculty advisor. The Comprehensive Examination must be finished before the conclusion of the fourth full semester. Additionally, students must complete at least 6 credit hours in tool subjects - specialized courses that develop specific skills such as foreign languages, computer science, analytical methods, microscopy, or statistics. The graduate advisor and dissertation committee determine which courses qualify as tool subjects.