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Students pursuing either an M.S. or Ph.D. can choose one specialization area. Ph.D. candidates must complete a qualifying exam soon after earning their M.S. degree, or within nine months of enrollment if they enter Cornell with an M.S. Further details about both graduate programs can be obtained from the field office. Ph.D. candidates are required to exhibit expertise in a specialized Civil and Environmental Engineering topic, along with the ability to generate novel insights and advance their field through original research. This intensive research program typically takes 3-5 years to complete (minimum 3 years, average 4.9 years). Most specializations prefer applicants entering the Ph.D. program directly to already hold a relevant master's degree; otherwise, they should consider the combined M.S./Ph.D. track.