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Life Sciences explores living organisms, from the microscopic realm of microbiology and genetics to the physiology and zoology of Earth's largest mammals – encompassing plants, botany, and other disciplines. At Waterloo, Life Sciences comprises interconnected majors. The four primary programs (Biochemistry, Biology, Biomedical Sciences, and Psychology) integrate biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics to examine how living systems function and interconnect. When applying to Waterloo, students select one major and begin hands-on laboratory work as early as their first year. Graduates earn a Bachelor of Science degree in their chosen specialization (e.g., Honours Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry), equipping them for scientific careers or advanced studies in graduate programs, medical fields, optometry, pharmacy, or other healthcare professions. Students can opt for either co-op or regular study formats across all majors except Biomedical Sciences, which offers only the regular program. This education culminates in a Bachelor of Science degree (such as Honours Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry), preparing graduates for scientific careers or further specialization in graduate studies and health-related fields including medicine, optometry, and pharmacy.