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The discipline of communication focuses on conveying data between locations or archiving it for future access. A communication setup consists of two primary units: a transmitting station and a receiving station. Communication networks are systems of interconnected stations that can forward data through intermediary relay points. Multiple elements contribute to information transfer within these systems. First is data compression, which minimizes information representation. Next comes modulation, the technique of encoding data into transmittable waveforms. Additionally, error control coding helps rectify reception mistakes. System effectiveness is often evaluated based on decoding accuracy, signal reconstruction fidelity, and energy efficiency. In network communications, several factors influence data relay between stations through intermediaries. Medium access control determines transmission timing and station selection, while routing establishes the optimal relay path between stations. Network performance metrics include end-to-end packet delivery rates (throughput) alongside energy expenditure.