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Petrology examines rocks - including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary types - along with their formation and transformation processes. Mineralogy focuses on analyzing the chemical composition, crystalline structures, and physical characteristics of rock-forming minerals. Since both petrological and mineralogical phenomena respond to environmental factors, scientists examine rock compositions and their mineral components to address core questions in various geological fields.
At CU Boulder, researchers apply petrology to investigate volcanic formation and magma sources, continental crust development during mountain building events, the creation of accessory minerals like REE phosphates across rock varieties, the formation of economically valuable mineral and petroleum deposits, Earth's atmospheric, oceanic, and biological evolution through geological time, as well as planetary geological processes beyond Earth.