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When developing theories about language, researchers have observed that languages exhibit complex structures across multiple levels. Phonetics examines speech sounds, including their production and perception. Phonology explores how a language's sounds systematically organize into syllables and larger structures. Morphology investigates how meaningful elements combine to form words. Syntax analyzes the rules governing word combinations into phrases and sentences. Semantics focuses on meaning—both individual word meanings and how they contribute to larger units like phrases, sentences, and discourse. Language scholars seek to determine which principles vary between languages and which remain universal across both spoken and signed languages.