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These represent key inquiries in examining Inequality—the unequal allocation of resources (such as income) or burdens (like incarceration) among individuals or communities. As a central focus of sociology, studies on social inequality explore the structures of disparity and the mechanisms that either sustain or challenge systems of privilege. Faculty and graduate researchers at Penn State investigate neighborhood poverty levels, racial and ethnic residential patterns across white, Black, Latino, and Asian populations in the U.S., variations in life expectancy by race both domestically and internationally, and worldwide income inequality trends. Geographic mapping, data representation techniques, and analytical breakdown methods serve as crucial instruments for deciphering evolving social inequality dynamics.