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This field shows tremendous potential for advancing future diagnostic methods and technologies, created through collaborative efforts among physicists, engineers, chemists, biologists, and medical professionals. Significant opportunities exist in ongoing research on non-invasive analysis and diagnosis for various pediatric and adult conditions. Key research focuses involve Selected Ion Flow Tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for analyzing trace gases in breath and urine; Medical photonics; Diagnostic techniques (encompassing biosensors, imaging, metabolic screening, and studying biominerals in neurodegenerative disorders); Utilizing mass spectrometry to study complex biological systems in health and disease; Early identification and tracking of pulmonary conditions (using optical coherence tomography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The Lung Research initiative combines cellular pathology, molecular biology, and bioengineering in a multidisciplinary framework (also referenced in Clinical Science: Respiratory disease).
PhD, MPhil and DMs usually require an Honours degree with a first or 2.1 classifications, or the equivalent if you have been educated outside the UK.  Students need to have IELTS 6.5 with no less than 6.0 in any subtest.  TOEFL Score - 87 with 19 (writing), 19 (listening), 19 (reading) and 20 (speaking)