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Life Sciences explores living organisms, from the microscopic realm of microbiology and genetics to the physiology and zoology of Earth's largest mammals – encompassing plants, botany, and other disciplines. At Waterloo, Life Sciences comprises interconnected majors. The four primary programs (Biochemistry, Biology, Biomedical Sciences, and Psychology) integrate subjects like biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics to understand living systems and their interactions. When applying to Waterloo, students select one major and begin hands-on laboratory work in their first year. Graduates earn a Bachelor of Science in their chosen field (e.g., Honours Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry), equipping them for scientific careers or advanced studies in graduate programs, medical fields, optometry, pharmacy, or other healthcare professions. Students can opt for co-op or regular study in all majors except Biomedical Sciences, which is regular-only. Upon completion, graduates receive a Bachelor of Science in their specialization (such as Honours Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry) and gain strong preparation for scientific careers or further education in graduate programs and health-related fields like medicine, optometry, and pharmacy.